High Mobility Group (HMG) Proteins Antibody Sampler Kit

• 产品编号：CST-12755S      品牌：Cell Signaling Technology       原厂货号：12755S
• 产品分类：抗体 > 一抗 > 复合抗体试剂盒
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描述：

单克隆抗体经采用合成的多肽免疫动物而生产的，对应序列信息如下：围绕人HMGA1的Gly68残基，围绕人HMGB1的Ala137残基，围绕人HMGN1的Val32残基或围绕人HMGN2的Asp74残基。多克隆抗体是采用合成的与人源HMGB2的 Gly171残周围序列相对应的肽段免疫动物而生产的。多克隆抗体由蛋白质A和多肽亲和层析纯化而成。使用High Mobility Group (HMG) Proteins Antibody Sampler Kit可以一种快速而经济的方法来检测HMG 家族成员包括HMGA1, HMGB1, HMGB2, HMGN1 以及 HMGN2中中的总蛋白。试剂盒提供的每种一抗都足够进行4次western blot实验。High mobility group (HMG)蛋白是一个大量和广泛的细胞核蛋白超级家族，该家族在没有序列特异性的情况下结合DNA，并且诱导染色质纤维的结构性改变从而调节潜在的DNA通路（1）。 HMGA1，原名为HMG-I/Y，属于含有一个AT-hook DNA结合结构域的高迁移率族蛋白家族。HMGA蛋白被认为是架构转录因子；他们不具备直接的转录激活能力，但是相反他们能够通过结合到DNA富含AT的区域来改变DNA构象或者直接与其他转录因子相互作用从而调控基因表达（1,2）。HMGA1在胚胎干细胞以及在胚胎形成期间会高度表达，但不是在完全分化的成年组织中（3，4）。 .High mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1)蛋白属于一个高度保守蛋白家族，其包含HMG box结构域(1,2)。所有三个家族成员(HMGB1、HMGB2和HMGB3)都包含两个HMG box结构域和一个羧基端酸性域。HMGB1蛋白是广泛表达和高度丰富的蛋白质(2)。HMGB2蛋白在胚胎发育期间高度表达，但是在成年动物中淋巴器官和睾丸中表达受限（3）。在胚胎形成期间只有HMGB3蛋白被表达(4)。当表达不同时，不同家族成员的生化性能可能没有区别。HMG box结构域有助于HMGB蛋白结合到DNA的小沟，这导致DNA双螺旋的局部弯曲(1,2)。HMGB蛋白被招募，并且有助于位点特异性DNA结合蛋白装配到染色质它们的同源的结合位点。例如，HMGB1和HMGB2蛋白有助于Hox蛋白、Oct-1、p53、Rel蛋白和类固醇激素受体蛋白结合到它们的靶基因启动子上(1,2)。而且，HMGB2能够与RAG1相互作用以促进Rag复合物结合到重组信号序列（RSS）上，同时刺激DNA弯曲和随后进行的抗原受体基因上VDJ切割（5,6）。另外他们还在核中发挥功能，HMGB蛋白是与炎症反应有关的胞外信号传递的重要成分。HMGB2 由髓细胞分泌，能够通过与晚期糖基化终末产物(RAGE)受体的结合来促进内皮细胞的增殖和迁移（7）。研究发现，HMGB2在肝癌细胞中的过表达与不良预后以及存活时间短有关联（8）。 HMGN 蛋白家族包括五种成员(HMGN1-5)，它是以数种保守蛋白结构域存在为特征：一个正电荷区域、一个核小体结合区域和一个酸性的C端染色质-非折叠区域(1,2)。HMGN蛋白具有转录调节的功能，并且通过转录因子被招募到基因启动子，例如 estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)、serum responsive factor (SRF)和PITX2蛋白，在启动子区域能有助于基因的激活或抑制(9-11)。HMGN1 (也称为 HMG14) and HMGN2 (也称为 HMG17)的表达与细胞分化紧密相关。HMGN1和 HMNG2在所有的胚胎组织中都被广泛且高度表达。在小鼠胚胎形成过程中，其表达在整个胚胎中都是下调的，除了在一些正在进行活跃分化的持续再生的细胞类型中，比如正在进行间质和上皮细胞转换的上皮细胞基底层和肾细胞（12,13）。

原厂资料：

Specificity / Sensitivity

Each antibody in this kit recognizes endogenous levels of total protein for the specified target and does not cross-react with other family members. HMGA1 (D6A4) XP^® Rabbit mAb recognizes isoforms 1a and 1b.

Source / Purification

Monoclonal antibody is produced by immunizing animals with synthetic peptides corresponding to residues surrounding Gly68 of human HMGA1, Ala137 of Human HMGB1, Val32 of human HMGN1, or Asp74 of human HMGN2 protein. Polyclonal antibodies are produced by immunizing animals with a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues surrounding Gly171 of human HMGB2. Polyclonal antibodies are purified by protein A and peptide affinity chromatography.

Description

The High Mobility Group (HMG) Proteins Antibody Sampler Kit provides an economical means of detecting total protein from the HMG family members including HMGA1, HMGB1, HMGB2, HMGN1 and HMGN2. The kit contains enough primary antibody to perform four western blots per primary antibody.

Background

High mobility group (HMG) proteins are a superfamily of abundant and ubiquitous nuclear proteins that bind DNA without sequence specificity and induce structural changes to the chromatin fiber to regulate access to the underlying DNA (1). HMGA1, formerly known as HMG-I/Y, belongs to a family of high mobility group proteins known as HMGA. HMGA proteins are considered architectural transcription factors; they do not have direct transcriptional activation capacity, but instead regulate gene expression by changing DNA conformation through binding to AT-rich regions in the DNA and/or direct interaction with other transcription factors (2). HMGA1 is highly expressed during embryogenesis and in embryonic stem cells, but not in fully differentiated adult tissues (3,4). High mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) and high mobility group protein B2 (HMGB2) belong to a family of highly conserved proteins that contain HMG box domains (5). HMGB1 is a widely expressed and highly abundant protein (6). HMGB2 is widely expressed during embryonic development, but it is restricted to lymphoid organs and testis in adult animals (7). While expression varies, the biochemical properties of the different family members may be indistinguishable. HMGB proteins are recruited by and help facilitate the assembly of site-specific DNA binding proteins to their cognate binding sites in chromatin. For example, HMGB1 and HMGB2 facilitate the binding of Hox proteins, Oct proteins, p53, Rel proteins, and steroid hormone receptor proteins to their target gene promoters (5,6). In addition to their functions in the nucleus, HMGB proteins play a significant role in extracellular signaling associated with inflammation. HMGB1 is massively released into the extracellular environment during cell necrosis, but not apoptosis. Extracellular HMGB1 "alarms" the innate immune system by acting as a chemoattractant for inflammatory cells triggering activation of T cells and dendritic cells. In addition, activated monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells also secrete HMGB1 (6). HMGB2 is secreted by myeloid cells and promotes proliferation and migration of endothelial cells by binding to the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) (8). The HMGN family of proteins, which includes five members (HMGN1-5) (1) function in transcriptional regulation and are recruited to gene promoters by transcription factors, such as estrogen receptor α (ERα), serum responsive factor (SRF), and PITX2, where they can facilitate either gene activation or repression (9-11). The expression of HMGN1 (also known as HMG14) and HMGN2 (also known as HMG17) is tightly linked to cellular differentiation. HMGN1 and HMNG2 are ubiquitous and highly expressed in all embryonic tissues. During mouse embryogenesis, expression is down-regulated throughout the embryo, except in committed but continuously renewing cell types undergoing active differentiation, such as the basal layer of the epithelium and kidney cells undergoing mesenchyme to epithelium transition (12,13).

注意事项：

Storage: Supplied in 10 mM sodium HEPES (pH 7.5),
150 mM NaCl, 100 µg/ml BSA, 50% glycerol and less than
0.02% sodium azide. Store at –20°C. Do not aliquot the
antibody.